diff 9506729..b34550f three_manifold_no_conjugate_v2.txt
diff --git a/three_manifold_no_conjugate_v2.txt b/three_manifold_no_conjugate_v2.txt index 3dd383c..6ec7d4f 100644 --- a/three_manifold_no_conjugate_v2.txt +++ b/three_manifold_no_conjugate_v2.txt @@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ A THREE-MANIFOLD WITHOUT CONJUGATE POINTS AND WITHOUT A NONPOSITIVELY CURVED METRIC A complete and self-contained proof. -Written so that a determined high-school student can follow it. NOTATION CONVENTION R^n : n-dimensional Euclidean space @@ -20,59 +19,6 @@ NOTATION CONVENTION Inline math uses $...$ like LaTeX. The file is plain text. -================================================================ -PART 0. WHAT THIS PAPER PROVES -================================================================ - -Punchline, then idea, then proof. - - THEOREM. There is a closed, connected, orientable smooth 3-manifold - M that carries a smooth Riemannian metric with NO conjugate points, - but that admits NO smooth Riemannian metric whose sectional - curvature is everywhere <= 0. - -Where the words come from. On a flat plane, two geodesics starting -parallel stay parallel forever. On a sphere, two geodesics starting -parallel in the northern hemisphere converge and meet at the south -pole; that meeting is called a CONJUGATE POINT. On a saddle surface -(sec <= 0), parallel geodesics always drift apart and never meet. A -classical fact: - - sec <= 0 everywhere ==> no conjugate points. - -The converse, for a SINGLE metric, is false: Gulliver (1975) deformed -negatively curved metrics to create tiny regions of positive -curvature while preserving absence of conjugate points. But those -examples always live on manifolds that ALREADY admit some negatively -curved metric. A sharper, deeper question remains: - - If a closed manifold hosts SOME metric without conjugate points, - must it also host SOME (possibly different) metric with sec <= 0? - -The answer, in dimension 3, is NO. This paper constructs an explicit -counterexample M. - -Three details worth noticing. - - (1) The obstruction is topological. It comes from the fundamental - group pi_1(M). If pi_1(M) admits no proper cocompact isometric - action on any CAT(0) space, then NO metric with sec <= 0 can - exist on M, whatever it might attempt to be. - - (2) We do NOT merely exhibit a metric with some positive curvature. - That would be trivial: perturb anything a little and you get - some positive curvature. We show that NO nonpositively curved - metric on M exists at all. - - (3) The same M also rules out three weaker conditions: - (i) no locally CAT(0) length metric inducing the topology; - (ii) no Riemannian metric without focal points; - (iii) no Riemannian metric of nonpositive sectional curvature. - Fact (ii) uses a theorem of Ivanov and Kapovitch for closed - 3-manifolds: a metric without focal points exists iff a metric - of nonpositive sectional curvature exists. - - ================================================================ PART 1. TERMINOLOGY ================================================================ @@ -193,15 +139,6 @@ HALF B (geometric). A metric without conjugate points exists. Part 11 is an appendix: an explicit hyperbolic punctured torus, used as the "core" of each product piece in Part 6. -READING GUIDE. - * Part 4 identifies the manifold. - * Part 5 is pure group theory, no differential geometry; skip it - if you only care about the metric construction. - * Parts 6-10 are the analytic heart of the paper. - * The final assembly of the theorem is the last proof of Part 10. - - -================================================================ PART 4. THE MANIFOLD M ================================================================